What Is Arthritis of the Hand?

Arthritis of the hand affects the small joints of the hand and wrist, which work together to enable fine movements such as threading a needle or tying a shoelace. When these joints become arthritic, daily activities can become painful and difficult. If left untreated, arthritis can cause joint deformities and further loss of function.

The human hand is a complex structure requiring specialized care from qualified hand and wrist surgeons, especially when addressing fractures, arthritis, or deformities. Hand surgery considers the interaction of the entire hand, wrist, and forearm.

What Causes Arthritis of the Hand?

Arthritis is inflammation of one or more joints and can be caused by disease or trauma. The most common types are:

• Osteoarthritis: A "wear and tear" condition that causes cartilage to deteriorate over time. It commonly affects older adults.
• Rheumatoid arthritis: A chronic autoimmune disease that causes the joint lining (synovium) to swell, leading to pain and stiffness. It often begins in the small joints of the hands and feet.
• Trauma: Joint injuries, such as fractures or dislocations, can lead to arthritis even when properly treated.

What Are the Symptoms of Arthritis of the Hand?

The common symptoms of hand arthritis include:

• Pain: Joint pain, often described as dull or burning, typically worsens after heavy use. Morning stiffness and nighttime pain are common in advanced stages.
• Swelling: Stress on arthritic joints may cause swelling as a protective response.
• Warmth: Arthritic joints may feel warm to touch due to inflammation.
• Crepitation: A sensation of grinding or grating caused by damaged cartilage surfaces rubbing together.
• Looseness and Joint Changes: Ligament damage can cause instability or deformities, such as thumb base arthritis altering surrounding joint mobility.
• Cysts: Small mucous cysts may form near end joints, sometimes causing nail ridging or dents.

What Are the Treatment Options for Arthritis of the Hand?

Nonsurgical Treatment

In the early stages, arthritis can often be managed without surgery. Nonsurgical treatments include:

• Applying ice to the joint for 5-15 minutes several times a day.
• Taking anti-inflammatory medications like aspirin or ibuprofen to reduce swelling.
• Wearing a supportive splint to rest the joint and limit movement.
• Steroid injections into the joint for temporary pain relief (not a long-term solution).

Surgical Treatment

If nonsurgical treatments are ineffective, surgical options may be considered. Procedures include:

• Joint fusion: Permanently fusing bones to relieve pain, though it limits movement.
• Joint reconstruction: Removing part of the joint and reconstructing it with a tendon graft or artificial material.

Your physician will discuss the best surgical option based on your condition and needs.