Elbow dislocations typically occur when a person falls onto an outstretched hand. The force travels up the arm, rotating the elbow out of its socket. Other causes include:

• Car accidents – when passengers brace for impact with outstretched arms.
• Weakened ligaments – some individuals naturally have looser ligaments, increasing dislocation risk.
• Bone structure – those with a shallow groove in the ulna bone are more susceptible.

Elbow dislocations vary in severity:

• Complete dislocation: The joint is fully out of place.
• Simple dislocation: No major bone injury.
• Complex dislocation: Severe bone and ligament damage.

Severe dislocations may damage nerves or blood vessels, potentially leading to permanent complications.

• Complete dislocation: Severe pain, deformity, and an arm that appears twisted.
• Partial dislocation (subluxation): Less obvious, but may cause pain, bruising, and recurring instability.
• Swelling and difficulty moving the elbow.

Nonsurgical Treatment

Elbow dislocation is an emergency requiring immediate realignment (reduction maneuver). This is typically performed in a hospital emergency room under sedation.

After realignment:

• The elbow is immobilized in a splint or sling for 2-3 weeks.
• Early motion exercises prevent stiffness.
• Physical therapy helps restore function.
• Some patients may not regain full elbow extension, but normal function is usually preserved.

Periodic X-rays ensure the elbow remains properly aligned during healing.

Surgical Treatment

For **complex dislocations** involving fractures or severe ligament damage, surgery may be necessary to:

• Realign bones and repair ligaments.
• Use an **external hinge** to prevent re-dislocation.
• Repair damaged nerves or blood vessels if needed.

In cases of elbow stiffness, **reconstructive surgery** can remove scar tissue and improve motion.

Long-term risks include **arthritis** if the joint alignment is poor or if the elbow repeatedly dislocates.