Herniated discs can be caused by aging, wear and tear, or injury. Over time, **degenerative changes** weaken the discs, making them more prone to herniation. A disc herniates when its **jelly-like center (nucleus)** pushes against its **outer ring (annulus)** and may squeeze through, putting pressure on nearby **spinal nerves**.

Common causes include:

• **Lifting, pulling, or twisting movements** that strain the spine.
• **Aging & degeneration** leading to disc weakening.
• **Sudden trauma**, such as a fall or accident.

In the **lumbar spine**, a herniated disc can **press on nerves** leading to **sciatica** (pain radiating down the leg). In the **cervical spine**, it can affect the shoulders, arms, and hands.

Symptoms vary depending on the location of the herniated disc and the severity of nerve compression.

• **Lower back pain**, which may worsen with bending, lifting, or sitting.
• **Pain that radiates** to the buttocks, thighs, or legs (sciatica).
• **Neck pain** that extends to the shoulders, arms, or hands.
• **Numbness or tingling** in affected areas.
• **Weakness in muscles**, making it difficult to hold objects or walk properly.

If symptoms **persist for weeks** or are accompanied by **fever, chills, or weight loss**, consult a doctor immediately.

Treatment options fall into three main categories: **medications, physical therapy, and surgery**.

Nonsurgical Treatment

Most herniated discs improve with **conservative treatments**, including:

• **Pain relievers** (acetaminophen, NSAIDs) to reduce discomfort.
• **Muscle relaxants** or steroids (oral or injected) to reduce inflammation.
• **Physical therapy** involving **stretching, strengthening, and cardiovascular exercises**.
• **Bracing** – Some patients benefit from a **corset-style brace** for stability.
• **Epidural steroid injections** for severe inflammation.

Surgical Treatment

Surgery is only considered if **nonsurgical treatments fail** after 6–12 months or if there is **severe nerve compression** causing weakness or loss of function.

Spinal Fusion

Spinal fusion involves **fusing vertebrae together** to **eliminate painful motion**. It is recommended for patients with **instability, scoliosis, or severe disc degeneration**.

Bone grafts, screws, rods, or cages are used to stabilize the spine while healing occurs.

Disc Replacement

Instead of fusion, a damaged disc is **removed and replaced with an artificial disc**. This allows **greater mobility** compared to fusion and is typically done in the **lower spine**.

The procedure is performed through the **abdomen** and is an alternative for younger patients without advanced degeneration.